Is the patent foramen ovale closure the best option? / O fechamento do foramen oval patente é a melhor opção?

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure is indicated in some cases to protect patients against embolic events. The aim of this study was to certify that the method of PFO closure to prevent microemboli (MES) is reliable, using contrast enhanced transcranial Doppler (cTCD) as a diagnostic and follow-up tool. METHODS: cTCD was performed before and after PFO closure in 20 patients. Results obtained a minimum of 12 months after the procedure were analyzed in this study. RESULTS: After the procedure, 14 patients (82%) showed no microemboli in cTCD at rest, but after provocative Valsalva maneuver (VM) microembolic phenomenon were still detected in 14 (70%): 7 (35%) <10 MES, 3 (15%) 10-20 MES and 4 (20%) had more than 20 MES ("curtain"). Only six of the total patients presented no MES in both resting and VM. CONCLUSION: These results showed a large percentage of patients with MES detection in a bubble study with transcranial Doppler more than one year after the procedure of PFO closure, showing right-to-left residual shunting. Despite the small number of patients, this study provides important data about this therapeutic decision.

O fechamento do forame oval patente (FOP) é indicado em alguns casos para prevenir eventos embólicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi certificar que o fechamento do FOP previne contra microembolia usando o Doppler transcraniano contrastado (cTCD) como método diagnóstico e de controle. MÉTODOS: O cTCD foi realizado antes e depois do fechamento do FOP em 20 pacientes. Foram analisados somente os resultados obtidos após 12 meses do procedimento. RESULTADOS: Após o procedimento, 14 pacientes (82%) não apresentaram microembolia (MES) ao exame de repouso. Entretanto, após sensibilização com manobra de Valsalva (MV), detectou-se ainda passagem de MES em 14 (70%) dos pacientes: 7 (35%) <10 MES; 3 (15%) 10-20 MES e 4 (20%) com mais de 20 MES (padrão "cortina"). Somente seis pacientes não apresentaram sinais de MES em ambas as etapas do teste (repouso e MV). CONCLUSÃO: Grande porcentagem de pacientes apresentou MES após o procedimento para fechamento do FOP, o que é consistente com presença de shunt direito-esquerdo residual. Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes, este estudo apresenta dados que contribuem com esta importante decisão terapêutica.

Oclusão percutânea do apêndice atrial esquerdo com o Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM na fibrilação atrial / Percutaneous occlusion of left atrial appendage with the Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM in atrial fibrillation

Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial está associada a acidentes vasculares embólicos que frequentemente resultam em morte ou invalidez. Eficaz na redução desses eventos, a anticoagulação possui várias limitações e vem sendo amplamente subutilizada. Mais de 90 por cento dos trombos identificados nos portadores de fibrilação atrial sem doença valvar se originam no apêndice atrial esquerdo, cuja oclusão é investigada como uma alternativa à anticoagulação. Objetivo: Determinar a viabilidade da oclusão percutânea do apêndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com alto risco de eventos embólicos e limitações ao uso de anticoagulação. Métodos: Relatamos a experiência inicial com o Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) em pacientes com fibrilação atrial não valvar. Foram selecionados pacientes com alto risco de tromboembolia, sangramentos maiores e contraindicações ao uso ou grande labilidade na resposta ao anticoagulante. Os procedimentos foram realizados por via percutânea, sob anestesia geral e com ecocardiografia transesofágica. O desfecho primário foi a presença de complicações periprocedimento e o seguimento programado incluiu reavaliação clínica e ecocardiográfica em 30 dias e por contato telefônico após nove meses. Resultados: Nos cinco pacientes selecionados se conseguiu a oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo sem complicações periprocedimento. Não houve eventos clínicos no seguimento. Conclusão: Ensaios clínicos controlados são necessários antes que o fechamento percutâneo do apêndice atrial esquerdo constitua uma alternativa à anticoagulação na fibrilação atrial não associada a doença valvar. Mas o dispositivo se mostrou promissor em pacientes com alto risco de embolia e restrições ao uso de anticoagulantes.

Background: Atrial fibrillation is associated with embolic strokes that often result in death or disability. Effective in reducing these events, anticoagulation has several limitations and has been widely underutilized. Over 90 percent of thrombi identified in patients with atrial fibrillation without valvular disease originate in the left atrial appendage, whose occlusion is investigated as an alternative to anticoagulation. Objective: To determine the feasibility of percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage in patients at high risk of embolic events and limitations to the use of anticoagulation. Methods: We report our initial experience with Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We selected patients at high risk of thromboembolism, major bleeding, contraindications to the use or major instability in response to the anticoagulant. The procedures were performed percutaneously under general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiography. The primary outcome was the presence of periprocedural complications and follow-up program included clinical and echocardiographic review within 30 days and by telephone contact after nine months. Results: In five selected patients it was possible to occlude the left atrial appendage without periprocedural complications. There were no clinical events in follow-up. Conclusion: Controlled clinical trials are needed before percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage should be considered an alternative to anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. But the device has shown to be promissory in patients at high risk of embolism and restrictions on the use of anticoagulants.

In-stent restenosis of innominate artery with critical stenosis of right internal carotid artery

A lady with aortitis syndrome developed in-stent restenosis [ISR] of the innominate artery stent and critical stenosis of right internal carotid artery. The therapeutic challenge was gaining access to the carotid vessel, after treating the innominate artery ISR and all the while using distal protection to circumvent potential cerebral embolism. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA] with or without stenting is a safe therapeutic option for re-vascularization of the supra aortic vessels. In the event of re-stenosis, re-treatment with PTA and stenting is safe. Ample evidence-base exists now for carotid artery stenting [CAS] in preference to carotid endarterectomy in patients with stenotic lesions of the carotid vessels

Cierre percutáneo de orejuela izquierda para prevención de fenómenos embólicos en fibrilación auricular: experiencia preliminar / Percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage with the amplatzer cardiac plug device in patients with atrial fibrillation: preliminary data

Introducción: Dentro de las complicaciones más importantes de la fibrilación auricular (FA) se encuentra el accidente vascular encefálico embólico (AVE), siendo la terapia anticoagulante oral (TACO) la principal herramienta para su prevención. Cerca de un 20 por ciento de los pacientes con FA presentan condiciones clínicas que impiden su uso. Como la orejuela izquierda (01) ha sido identificada como el principal sitio de formación de trombos en la FA no valvular, se ha postulado que su oclusión podría disminuir la incidencia de eventos embólicos en este tipo de pacientes. Con este objetivo se han desarrollado múltiples técnicas, tanto quirúrgicas como dispositivos percutáneos para el cierre de esta estructura. En esta publicación se presenta la experiencia del cierre percutáneo de la 01 en tres pacientes, con el uso del dispositivo Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP). Métodos: Los tres pacientes tenían alto riesgo embólico y contraindicación para uso de TACO. El procedimiento se realizó en el laboratorio de hemodinamia, bajo guía radioscópica y ecocardiográfica, con anestesia general. Resultados: Se logró la oclusión completa de la 01 en todos los pacientes, realizando además el cierre de un foramen oval permeable (FOP) en uno de ellos. Uno de los pacientes presentó derrame pericárdico el cual requirió pericardiocentesis. Los pacientes no presentaron otras complicaciones. Luego de un seguimiento de 6 meses no se han evidenciado eventos embólicos en ninguno de ellos. Conclusión: En esta experiencia preliminar, hemos comprobado la factibilidad de la oclusión de la 01 con el uso del dispositivo Amplatzer Cardiac Plug, en pacientes con FA con alto riesgo embólico y malos candidatos a TACO.

Embolic Stroke is a major concern in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anticoagulant therapy is the preferred tool to prevent this complication, but some patients have contraindications to anticoagulation. Most of the thrombus originates at the left atrial appendage (LAA), so the closure of LAA could prevent embolization of thrombus. Three patients with high embolic risk and contraindication to anticoagulant therapy were treated at our institution with an occlude device of the LAA (Amplatzer Cardiac Plug). Implantation of the device was successful in all the patients; one had a hem pericardium and underwent pericardiocentesis without further consequences. Patients were discharged without anticoagulants. After 6 months of follow-up, no embolic complications have been reported. In this preliminary experience, we report the feasibility of the closure of LAA with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug Device.

Estratégias de prevenção do acidente vascular encefálico cardioembólico na doença de Chagas / Prevention strategies of cardioembolic ischemic stroke in Chagas' disease

FUNDAMENTO: O acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) cardioembólico é uma manifestação clínica importante da cardiopatia chagásica crônica, no entanto, ainda não foram definidos sua incidência e os fatores de risco associados a este evento. OBJETIVO: Definir estratégias de prevenção de uma complicação freqüente e incapacitante da doença de Chagas, o AVEi cardioembólico. MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1990 a março de 2002, 1.043 pacientes com doença de Chagas foram recrutados e acompanhados até março de 2003 em um estudo prospectivo e observacional de coorte. Por meio da regressão de Cox foi desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se correlacionou com a incidência anual desse evento: 4-5 pontos, > 4 por cento; 3 pontos, 2 por cento a 4 por cento; 2 pontos, 1 por cento a 2 por cento; e 0-1 ponto, < 1 por cento. Foram avaliadas a eficácia e a segurança de duas coortes de tratamento: grupo 1, 52 pacientes em uso de varfarina por 14 ± 14 meses, mantendo INR 2-3; e grupo 2, 104 pacientes em uso de ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) 200 mg/dia, por 22 ± 21 meses. RESULTADOS: No grupo 1, a taxa anual de sangramento maior necessitando hemotransfusão foi de 1,9 por cento, sem ocorrência de AVEi. Por meio da regressão de Cox foram identificadas 4 variáveis independentes associadas ao evento (disfunção sistólica, aneurisma apical, alteração primária da repolarização ventricular e idade > 48 anos) sendo desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se relacionou com a incidência anual desse evento. No grupo 2, não houve complicações hemorrágicas, e a incidência anual de AVEi foi de 3,2 por cento, todos em pacientes com 4-5 pontos. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio da análise de risco-benefício, varfarina estaria indicada aos pacientes com 4-5 pontos, cuja incidência de evento supera a taxa de sangramento maior. No subgrupo de 3 pontos, as taxas de evento e sangramento com anticoagulante se equivalem, sendo indicados AAS ou varfarina, conforme...

BACKGROUND: The cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke is an important clinical manifestation of chronic chagasic cardiopathy; however, its incidence and the risk factors associated to this event have yet to be defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine prevention strategies for a common and devastating complication of Chagas' disease, the cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke. METHODS: 1,043 patients with Chagas' disease were prospectively evaluated from 03/1990 to 03/2002 and followed up to 03/2003. Cox regression was performed to create the CE risk score that was related with the annual incidence of this event: 4-5 points - >4 percent; 3 points - 2-4 percent; 2 points - 1-2 percent; 0-1 points - <1 percent. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of two treatment cohorts: (1) 52 patients who used warfarin (INR 2-3) for 14±14 months; (2) 104 patients who used acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (200 mg/d) for 22±21 months. RESULTS: In group (1), the risk of a major bleeding that needed blood transfusion was 1.9 percent a year, without CE. Cox regression was used to identify 4 independent variables associated to the event (systolic dysfunction, apical aneurysm, primary alteration of ventricular repolarization and age > 48 years) and an CE risk score was developed, which was associated with the annual incidence of this event. In group (2) there were no bleeding complications and the annual incidence of CE was 3.2 percent, all of them in patients with 4-5 points. CONCLUSION: Based on the risk-benefit analysis, warfarin prophylaxis for cardioembolic stroke in Chagas' disease is recommended for patients with a score of 4-5 points, in whom the risk of CE overweighs the risk of a major bleeding. With a 3-point score, the risks of bleeding and CE are the same, so the medical decision of using either warfarin or ASA has to be an individual one. In patients with a low risk of CE (2-point score) either ASA or no therapy can be chosen. The prophylaxis is not...

Cerebral Ischemia Detected with Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging after Protected Carotid Artery Stenting: Comparison of Distal Balloon and Filter Device

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of ischemia during protected carotid artery stenting (CAS) as well as to compare the protective efficacy of the balloon and filter devices on diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one consecutive protected CAS procedures in 70 patients with a severe (> 70%) or symptomatic moderate (> 50%) carotid artery stenosis were examined. A balloon device (PercuSurge GuardWire) and a filter device (FilterWire EX/EZ, Emboshield) was used in 33 cases (CAS-B group) and 38 cases (CAS-F group) to prevent distal embolization, respectively. All the patients underwent DWI within seven days before and after the procedures. The number of new cerebral ischemic lesions on the post-procedural DWI were counted and divided into ipsilateral and contralateral lesions according to the relationship with the stenting side. RESULTS: New cerebral ischemic lesions were detected in 13 (39.4%) out of the 33 CAS-Bs and in 15 (39.5%) out of the 38 CAS-Fs. The mean number of total, ipsilateral and contralateral new cerebral ischemic lesion was 2.39, 1.67 and 0.73 in the CAS-B group and 2.11, 1.32 and 0.79 in the CAS-F group, respectively. No statistical differences were found between the two groups (p = 0.96, 0.74 and 0.65, respectively). The embolic complications encountered included two retinal infarctions and one hemiparesis in the CAS-B group (9.09%), and one retinal infarction, one hemiparesis and one ataxia in the CAS-F group (7.89%). There was a similar incidence of embolic complications in the two groups (p = 1.00). CONCLUSION: The type of distal protection device used such as a balloon and filter does not affect the incidence of cerebral embolization after protected CAS.